Invasive intestinal amoebiasis. Features of differential diagnosis

The clinical diagnostic laboratory of the Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases of Sechenov University continues to share its experience in diagnosing rare, complex, ambiguous cases of diagnosing parasitosis. In this publication, we consider several examples of diagnosing invasive amoebiasis based on microscopy of histosections of biopsy material after colonoscopy.

1. Bronshtein A.M. Tropical diseases and travel medicine. GEOTAR-Media, 2014 (in Russian).

2. Human parasitic diseases: (protozooses and helminthiases): A guide for doctors / Ed. V.P. Sergiev, Yu.V. Lobzina, S.S. Kozlov. St. Petersburg: Foliant Publishing LLC, 2008: 378-380 (in Russian)

3. Garcia L.S., Brucner D.A.. In L.S.Garcia, D.A.Brucner (ed.), Diagnostic medical parasitology, 3rd ed. ASM Press. Washington, D.C., 1997: 6-20. DOI: 10.1016/s0169-4758(97)01175-7.

4. Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C. et al. Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 Lancet 2016; 388(10053): 1459–1544. EDN XTWUHD. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1.

5. Shimokawa C., Kabir M., Taniuchi M. et al. Entamoeba moshkovskii is associated with diarrhea in infants and causes diarrhea and colitis in mice // J Infect Dis. 2012; 206(05): 744–751. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis414.

6. Haque R., Mondal D., Duggal P., Kabir M., Roy S., Farr B.M., et al. Entamoeba histolytica infection in children and protection from subsequent amebiasis // Infect Immun. 2006; 74: 904–9. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.74.2.904-909.2006.

7. Marie C., Petri W.A. Jr. Amoebic dysentery // BMJ Clin Evid. 2013; 2013: 0918.

8. Carrero J.C., Reyes-Lopez M., Serrano-Luna J., Shibayama M., Unzueta J., Leon-Sicairos N., de la Garza M. Intestinal amoebiasis: 160 years of its first detection and still remains as a health problem in developing countries // Int J Med Microbiol IJMM. 2020; 310(1): 151358. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.151358.

9. Fotedar R., Stark D., Beebe N., Marriott D., Ellis J., Harkness J. Laboratory diagnostic techniques for Entamoeba species // Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007; 20(03): 511–532. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00004-07.

10. Zulfiqar H., Mathew G., Horrall S. Amebiasis. In: StatPearls. edn. Treasure Island (FL); 2021.

11. Bao Fu, Jinjing Wang, Xiaoyun Fucorresponding. A rare case of extraintestinal amebiasis // BMC Infect Dis. 2022; 22: 364. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07348-9.

12. Fotedar R., Stark D., Beebe N., Marriott D., Ellis J., Harkness J. PCR detection of Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, and Entamoeba moshkovskii in stool samples from Sydney, Australia // J Clin Microbiol. 2007; 45: 1035–7. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02144-06.

13. Lau Y.L., Anthony C., Fakhrurrazi S.A., Ibrahim J., Ithoi I., Mahmud R. Real-time PCR assay in differentiating Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, and Entamoeba moshkovskii infections in Orang Asli settlements in Malaysia // Parasit Vectors. 2013; 6: 250. DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-250.

14. Royer T.L., Gilchrist C., Kabir M., Arju T., Ralston K.S., Haque R., et al. Entamoeba bangladeshi nov. sp. Bangladesh // Emerg Infect Dis. 2012; 18: 1543–5. DOI: 10.3201/eid1809.120122.

15. MUK 4.2.3145-13. Parasitological methods of laboratory diagnostics of helminthiases and protozooses. - M.: Federal Center of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 2014 (in Russian)

16. Parija S.C., Mandal J., Ponnambath D.K. Laboratory methods of identification of Entamoeba histolytica and its differentiation from look-alike Entamoeba spp // Trop Parasitol. 2014; 4(2): 90–95. DOI: 10.4103/2229-5070.138535.

17. Hamdi G., Zaghdoudi A., Frikha M.T., Makhlouf M., Sassi K., Ben Badr M., Ben Slima M. Acute abdominal syndrome revealing an intestinal amoebiasis: Report of two cases in Tunisia // International Journal of Surgery Case Reports. 2021; 79: 466-469. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2021.01.068.

18. Fotedar R., Stark D., Beebe N., Marriott D., Ellis J., Harkness J. Laboratory diagnostic techniques for Entamoeba species // Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007; 20(03): 511–532. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00004-07.

19. Weitzel T., Cabrera J., Rosas R. et al. Enteric multiplex PCR panels: a new diagnostic tool for amoebic liver abscess? // New Microbes New Infect. 2017; 18: 50–53. DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2017.05.002

20. González-Ruiz A., Haque R., Aguirre A., Castañón G., Hall A., Guhl F., et al. Value of microscopy in the diagnosis of dysentery associated with invasive Entamoeba histolytica // J Clin Pathol. 1994; 47: 236–9. DOI: 10.1136/jcp.47.3.236.

21. Haque R., Neville L.M., Hahn P., Petri W.A., Jr Rapid diagnosis of Entamoeba infection by using Entamoeba and Entamoeba histolytica stool antigen detection kits // J Clin Microbiol. 1995; 33: 2558–61. DOI: 10.1128/jcm.33.10.2558-2561.1995.

22. Sergiev V.P. Atlas of clinical parasitology and tropical medicine. M.: Author's Acad.: Partnership of the scientific publications of KMK, 2010.(in Russian)

23. Das S., Rajkumari N., Gunalan A., Rajavelu D., Olickal J.J. A Comparative Analysis of Microscopy, Coproantigen Serology, and Nested Multiplex PCR in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica Infection // J Lab Physicians. 2022; 14(2): 125–131. DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1732488.

24. Li E., Stanley S.L., Jr Protozoa. Amebiasis. //Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1996; 25: 471–92. DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8553(05)70259-4.

25. Palmer J. Modified iron hematoxylin/ kinyoun stain // Clin Microbiol Newsl 1991; 13: 39–40.

26. Entamoeba taxonomy. Bull World Health Organ. 1997; 75: 291–4.

27. Pillai D.R., Kain K.C. Immunochromatographic strip-based detection of Entamoeba histolytica-E. dispar and Giardia lamblia coproantigen // J Clin Microbiol. 1999; 37: 3017–9. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.37.9.3017-3019.1999.

28. Hira P.R., Iqbal J., Al-Ali F., Philip R., Grover S., D’Almeida E., et al. Invasive amebiasis: Challenges in diagnosis in a non-endemic country (Kuwait) // Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001; 65: 341–5. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.341.

29. Haque R., Faruque A.S., Hahn P., Lyerly D.M., Petri W.A., Jr Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar infection in children in Bangladesh // J Infect Dis. 1997; 175: 734–6. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/175.3.734.

30. Holland J.L., Louie L., Simor A.E., Louie M. PCR detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 directly from stools: Evaluation of commercial extraction methods for purifying fecal DNA // J Clin Microbiol. 2000; 38: 4108–13. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.38.11.4108-4113.2000.

31. Lebbad M., Svärd S.G. PCR differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar from patients with amoeba infection initially diagnosed by microscopy // Scand J Infect Dis. 2005; 37: 680–5. DOI: 10.1080/00365540510037812.

32. Khairnar K., Parija S.C. A novel nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for differential detection of Entamoeba histolytica, E. moshkovskii and E. dispar DNA in stool samples. BMC Microbiol. 2007; 7: 47. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-7-47.

33. Lau Y.L., Anthony C., Fakhrurrazi S.A., Ibrahim J., Ithoi I., Mahmud R. Real-time PCR assay in differentiating Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, and Entamoeba moshkovskii infections in Orang Asli settlements in Malaysia // Parasit Vectors. 2013; 6: 250. DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-250.

34. Roy S., Kabir M., Mondal D., Ali I.K., Petri W.A., Jr, Haque R. Real-time-PCR assay for diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica infection // J Clin Microbiol. 2005; 43: 2168–72. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.43.5.2168-2172.2005.

35. Haque R., Kabir M., Noor Z., Rahman S.M., Mondal D., Alam F., et al. Diagnosis of amebic liver abscess and amebic colitis by detection of Entamoeba histolytica DNA in blood, urine, and saliva by a real-time PCR assay // J Clin Microbiol. 2010; 48: 2798–801. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00152-10.