Study of the bioecology of hippoboscid flies (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) to identify antimicrobial peptides for combating antibiotic-resistant pathogens

Mammals and birds are the primary hosts for numerous species of bloodsucking flies (Diptera: Hippoboscidae). These ectoparasites are involved in the circulation of a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria (Borrelia, Bartonella, Rickettsia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia), protozoa (Trypanosoma, Theileria, Piroplasmida, Haemosporida), and viruses (in particular, West Nile virus). Hippoboscids are obligate ectoparasites, and prolonged exposure to host pathogens has evolved highly effective "natural antibiotics"— antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)—in their bodies. This article summarizes current information on pathogens associated with hippoboscids and substantiates the need for further study of bioecological aspects, including the species composition, distribution, and abundance of bloodsuckers. Laboratory monitoring of this group of insects is important for understanding the mechanisms of preservation and spread of natural focal infections that are dangerous to humans and animals. Attention is also paid to the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of insects and their activity against antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms.

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